What Are Variables in Computer Programs

A variable is a way of referring to a storage area in a computer program. This memory location holds values—numbers, text or more complicated types of data like payroll records. Operating systems load programs into different parts of the computers memory so there is no way of knowing exactly which memory location holds a particular variable before the program is run. When a variable is assigned a symbolic name like employee_payroll_id, the compiler or interpreter can work out where to store the variable in memory. Variable Types When you declare a variable in a program, you specify its type, which can be chosen from integral, floating point, decimal,  boolean or nullable types. The type tells the compiler how to handle the variable and check for type errors. The type also determines the position and size of the variables memory, the range of values that it can store  and the operations that can be applied to the variable. A few basic variable types include: int - Int is short for integer. It is used to define numeric variables holding whole numbers. Only negative and positive whole numbers can be stored in int variables.   null - A nullable int has the same range of values as int, but it can store null in addition to whole numbers. char - A char type consists of Unicode characters—the letters that represent most of the written languages.   bool - A bool is a fundamental  variable type that can take only two values: 1 and 0, which correspond to true and false.   float, double and decimal - these three types of variables handle whole numbers, numbers with decimals and fractions. The difference between the three lies in the range of values. For example, double is twice the size of float, and it accommodates more digits. Declaring Variables Before you can use a variable, you have to declare it, which means you have to assign it a name and a type. After you declare a variable, you can use it to store the type of data you declared  it to hold. If you try to use a variable that hasnt been declared, your code wont compile.  Declaring a variable in C# takes the form: data_type variable_list; The variable  list consists of one or more identifier names separated by commas. For example:   int i, j, k;   char c, ch; Initializing Variables Variables are assigned a value using an equal sign followed by a constant. The form is: data_type  variable_name value; You can assign a value to a variable at the same time you declare it or at a later time. For example:   int i 100;   or   short a;int b;double c;   /*actual initialization */a 10;b 20;c a b; About C#   C# is an object-oriented language that does not use any global variables. Although it could be compiled, it is almost always used in combination with the .NET framework, therefore applications written in C# are run on computers with .NET installed.

Introduction to Entrepreneurship - 3303 Words

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Role Of The HRM In Enhancing The Organizational Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Role Of The HRM In Enhancing The Organizational Effectiveness And Efficiency. Answer: Introduction For the contemporary business organizations, operating in the present business scenario is much more challenging than it was been a few years ago. This is due to the reason that, for the contemporary business organizations, various factors are there to be considered in order to maintain their organizational effectiveness and to stay ahead in the competition. One of the key factors to be considered by the contemporary business organizations is the effective management of their human resources (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). This is due to the fact that, in the present business state of affairs, the individual skill sets being possessed by the employees in the organization are one key sources for the business organizations to gain competitive advantages in the market. Thus, it is important for the business organizations to effectively manage their internal stakeholders in order to gain the maximum productivity from them. Human resource management plays an important role in managing the empl oyees effectively (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). This essay will discuss about the role of human resource management in enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the organizations. Various aspects of HRM Human resource management covers or involves various factors or aspects to enhance the effectiveness of the organization as well as its employees (Shahid Azhar, 2013). The key aspects are the staffing, employee compensation and perquisites, providing training to the employees, workplace health and safety and internal relations between the employees and the upper level management. Thus, human resource management covers a holistic approach for the business organizations. It helps the organization in selecting right employees and providing him effective training and enhancing their skills and maintaining of effective workplace environment to enhance the rate of job satisfaction of the employees through their work life. The following sections will elaborate and critically discuss about the various aspects of human resource management. Staffing Staffing includes the selection of right employees for the right job at the right time and place. Recruitment and selection is one of the key aspects of human resource management due to the reason that, the competitive advantages along with the effectiveness of the organizations will get enhanced only when the employees having right set of skill are being employed for the right job profile (Shields et al., 2015). Moreover, the process of recruitment and selection should be effective in order to employ the new employees in the organization according to the need and requirement of the organization. According to Chaneta (2014), initiation of effective process of recruitment and selection will help the organization in having the rightly skilled employees in every job positions, which will in turn equip the organization to face any business challenge. Moreover, according to the author, initiation of effective process of recruitment and selection will help the organization to reduce the issues being generated from the newly appointed employees. This will get reduced due to the fact that, the employees with the help of the effective process of recruitment and selection will be employed after effectively matching with the requirement and organizational aspects. Thus, according to the author, the probability of arising of issues from the newly appointed employees will be lowered. Employee compensation and perquisites On the other hand, providing employee compensation and perquisites helps the organization to motivate the employees in their workplace. According to Bryant and Allen (2013), providing suitable compensation and benefits to the employees will help the organization to retain the top performing employees in the organization along with attracting new potential talents. Moreover, according to the authors, providing the suitable compensation to the employees will help to enhance the level of motivation and involvement of the employees in their workplace. Thus, providence of suitable compensation and benefits to the employees will have positive impression among the employees along with enhancing their organizational commitment. Thus, with the creation of positive impression among the employees regarding the welfare benefits being initiated by the organization, the employees will be more motivated in their workplace. It will help the organization to gain more productivity from them. Moreover, it is also be discussed by the authors that, increase in the job satisfaction of the employees will reduce the chance of employee issues in the organization (Lazaroiu, 2015). This is due to the reason that, enhancement in the level of job satisfaction among the employees will reduce the chance of any grievance among the employees. Workplace health and safety Another key aspect of human resource management is maintaining the workplace health and safety. The more effective will be the working environment for the employees in the organization, the more will be their level of motivation and satisfaction of the employees. According to Murrell (2012), maintaining the effective working environment in the organization will enable the employees to have the higher degree of job satisfaction and motivation to accomplish better job goals. Thus, according to the author, maintaining the effective working environment will help to increase the productivity of the employees along with having the higher retention rate. Moreover, according to the author, workplace health and safety involves creating of effective working environment and providing various health and safety benefits to the employees in case of any unwarranted incidents (Friend Kohn, 2014). Thus, if the employees are being offered health and hygiene working environment, then they will also feel motivated to enhance their productivity and effectiveness in their workplace. Initiation of training and skill development program Another important aspect of human resource management is the providence of training and skill development programs for the employees. Providing effective and suitable training to the employees will help the organization to enhance the skills of the employees according to the change in the business scenario. Thus, the employees will be more equipped and trained to face the organizational challenges. As stated by Sung and Choi (2014), there are various benefits of providing employee training and development due to the reason that, the overall effectiveness of the employees will get enhanced. According to the authors, the more effective will be the training facilities for the employees, the more will be their ability to face the organizational challenges. Moreover, they have also stated that initiation of employee training and skill development will help the employees to diversify their skill sets. Thus, this will further help the organization to have the access of the diverse skill sets being possessed by their employees. This will also help them in gaining competitive advantages in the market. The rate of motivation of the employees will also get increased with the help of skill development and training programs due to the reason that the employees will have more expertise and knowledge to counter issues, which will be generated in their job profiles (Ji et al., 2012). However, it is being also stated by the authors that in initiation of the training programs of the employees, organizations will have to incur cost. But effective implementation and designing the training programs will help to gain positive outcome from the incurred cost. Effective internal relations The last aspect of human resource management is maintaining the effective and positive relationship between the upper level management and the employees. This is due to the reason that, the more effective will be the relationship between the upper and middle level hierarchy levels, the more will be the effectiveness of the organizational procedures. According to the opinion being given by Awadh and Alyahya (2013), human resource management helps the organizations to enhance the effectiveness of their internal culture in order to maintain a positive relationship between the internal stakeholders. According to the authors, the more effective will be the relationship between the internal stakeholders, the more will be the organizational effectiveness. This is due to the reason that, according to the authors, due to the presence of effective relationship among the internal stakeholders, the employees will be more motivated to share their grievances and feedback to their superiors and the communication of the upper level managers will also be effectively reach to the employees. Thus, the employees will also be more aware about the organizational requirement and vision. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that, human resources management is one of the key concept that should be considered by the contemporary business organizations in order to enhance their internal effectiveness. Various aspects of human resource management are being discussed in this essay. It is being seen in the discussion that, human resource management covers vast and diverse organizational areas, which helps the organizations in having a holistic approach in enhancing the organizational effectiveness. Critical analysis is being done in this essay to evaluate the effectiveness of various aspects of the human resource management. From the critical evaluation, it can be concluded that, all the aspects of the human resource management are interrelated and are complementary to one another. Effective implementation of all the aspects of human resource management will help the organization to enhance their effectiveness of the internal stakeholders along with gaining competitive advantages in the market. Reference Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Awadh, A. M., Alyahya, M. S. (2013). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance.International Review of Management and Business Research,2(1), 168. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Bryant, P. C., Allen, D. G. (2013). Compensation, benefits and employee turnover: HR strategies for retaining top talent.Compensation Benefits Review,45(3), 171-175. Chaneta, I. (2014). Recruitment and Selection.International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering,4(2), 289. Friend, M. A., Kohn, J. P. (2014).Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Bernan Press. Ji, L., Huang, J., Liu, Z., Zhu, H., Cai, Z. (2012). The effects of employee training on the relationship between environmental attitude and firms' performance in sustainable development.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(14), 2995-3008. Lazaroiu, G. (2015). Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations,14, 97. Murrell, K. (2012).Ergonomics: Man in his working environment. Springer Science Business Media. Shahid, A., Azhar, S. M. (2013). Gaining employee commitment: Linking to organizational effectiveness.Journal of Management Research,5(1), 250. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N. (2014). Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of organizational behavior,35(3), 393-412.